Peptide Library: 85 Research Compound Profiles

Dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist

A dual incretin analog studied for large reductions in body weight and improvements in glycemic markers.

How it works: Activates both GIP and GLP-1 receptors, slowing gastric emptying, enhancing glucose-dependent insulin release and reducing appetite signaling in the hypothalamus.

What research reports: Phase 3 trial literature reports mean weight reductions of roughly 15 to 21% over 72 weeks at higher maintenance doses, with HbA1c reductions around 2%.

Frequency reported: Once weekly. Note: Literature emphasizes 4-week titration steps to limit GI effects.

GIP/GLP-1/glucagon triple receptor agonist

A triple-receptor incretin analog reported to produce the largest weight reductions seen in this class of research compounds.

How it works: Adds glucagon receptor activity to dual incretin agonism, increasing energy expenditure and hepatic fat mobilization alongside appetite suppression.

What research reports: Phase 2 data reported ~17% weight reduction at 24 weeks and ~24% at 48 weeks at the highest dose, with notable reductions in hepatic fat fraction.

Frequency reported: Once weekly. Note: Heart-rate increase and GI effects scale with dose in reported data.

Synthetic pentadecapeptide (gastric juice derived)

One of the most widely studied repair peptides in animal models, examined for tendon, ligament, muscle and gut tissue healing.

How it works: Upregulates VEGF-driven angiogenesis and growth-hormone receptor expression in fibroblasts, promoting collagen organization and accelerating granulation tissue formation.

What research reports: Rodent studies show accelerated tendon-to-bone healing, improved muscle crush injury recovery and protection of gut mucosa; no large human trials are published.

Frequency reported: Daily, typically 4 to 8 week cycles. Note: Often studied locally near the injury site as well as systemically.

Actin-binding peptide fragment

A synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4 studied for cell migration, flexibility and systemic tissue repair.

How it works: Sequesters G-actin to promote cytoskeletal remodeling, endothelial cell migration and new blood-vessel formation at injury sites.

What research reports: Animal models report improved cardiac tissue recovery post-ischemia, faster dermal wound closure and reduced inflammatory markers.

Frequency reported: 1 to 2× weekly; loading phase then maintenance. Note: Frequently paired with BPC-157 in published repair research models.

Combination repair blend

A combination of the two most-studied repair peptides, intended to cover both local granulation and systemic cell migration pathways.

How it works: Combines VEGF-mediated angiogenesis (BPC-157) with actin-driven cell migration (TB-500) for complementary repair signaling.

What research reports: Preclinical work on the individual peptides suggests additive effects on soft-tissue recovery; combination-specific trials are limited.

Frequency reported: Daily for 4 to 6 weeks, then reassess

Modified hGH fragment (176-191)

A growth-hormone fragment studied for lipolytic activity without the glucose-handling effects of full-length hGH.

How it works: Stimulates beta-3 adrenergic receptor signaling in adipose tissue, increasing fat oxidation while reportedly not binding the IGF-1 axis.

What research reports: Human trials reported modest fat-mass reductions versus placebo; later cartilage-repair studies explored intra-articular use.

Frequency reported: Daily, morning fasted in most protocols

GHRH analog + selective GH secretagogue

The most commonly studied GH-axis pairing, combining a GHRH analog with a ghrelin-receptor secretagogue for a pulsatile GH release.

How it works: CJC-1295 extends GHRH signaling to raise baseline GH output; ipamorelin triggers a clean GH pulse without meaningful cortisol or prolactin elevation.

What research reports: Studies report sustained increases in GH and IGF-1 levels with the combination, with a receptor-selectivity profile favorable versus older secretagogues.

Frequency reported: Nightly on an empty stomach; 8 to 12 week blocks. Note: Administration away from food is emphasized to avoid blunting the GH pulse.

Selective ghrelin receptor agonist

A highly selective GH secretagogue valued in research for producing GH pulses with minimal effect on cortisol, prolactin or appetite.

How it works: Binds the GHS-R1a receptor in the pituitary to induce a short, physiologic GH pulse.

What research reports: Preclinical and early clinical data show dose-dependent GH release with a cleaner side-effect profile than GHRP-2 or GHRP-6.

Frequency reported: 1 to 3× daily, fasted

GHRH (1-29) analog

The shortest active fragment of GHRH, studied for restoring more youthful, pulsatile GH secretion.

How it works: Stimulates pituitary somatotrophs directly while preserving negative-feedback regulation, reducing the risk of GH oversaturation.

What research reports: Long-standing clinical use as a GH-deficiency diagnostic; adult studies report improved IGF-1, sleep quality and body composition over 3 to 6 months.

Frequency reported: Nightly before bed

Stabilized GHRH analog

The only GHRH analog with published trial data specifically targeting visceral adipose tissue reduction.

How it works: A trans-3-hexenoyl modified GHRH resistant to DPP-4 degradation, producing sustained GH/IGF-1 elevation.

What research reports: Clinical trials reported ~15 to 18% reductions in visceral adipose tissue over 26 to 52 weeks, plus reductions in liver fat.

Frequency reported: Once daily, typically evening. Note: Glucose markers were monitored in trials due to GH-related insulin resistance.

Long-acting IGF-1 analog

An extended half-life IGF-1 variant studied for direct anabolic and cell-proliferation signaling downstream of GH.

How it works: Reduced binding-protein affinity gives a far longer circulating half-life, sustaining IGF-1 receptor and mTOR pathway activation.

What research reports: In vitro and animal data show marked increases in protein synthesis, satellite cell activity and muscle hyperplasia markers.

Frequency reported: Daily, 4 weeks on / 4 weeks off in most research designs. Note: Hypoglycemia risk is the most reported acute effect in the literature.

NNMT enzyme inhibitor (small molecule)

An orally-active NNMT inhibitor studied for adipocyte metabolism and cellular NAD+ preservation.

How it works: Blocks nicotinamide N-methyltransferase, raising intracellular NAD+ and SAM, which shifts white adipocytes toward increased lipolysis.

What research reports: Rodent studies report reduced fat mass without dietary change and improved muscle stem-cell function in aged models.

Frequency reported: Daily, usually morning

Mitochondrial-derived peptide

A 16-amino-acid mitochondrial peptide studied as an exercise-mimetic and metabolic regulator.

How it works: Activates AMPK and the folate/methionine cycle, improving glucose utilization and mitochondrial efficiency in skeletal muscle.

What research reports: Animal models show prevention of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance; human association studies link higher MOTS-c levels to longevity cohorts.

Frequency reported: 2 to 3× weekly, or short daily loading phases

Cardiolipin-targeting mitochondrial peptide

A mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide studied for restoring energy production in aged or damaged tissue.

How it works: Binds cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing cristae structure, improving electron transport efficiency and lowering ROS leakage.

What research reports: Clinical trials in primary mitochondrial myopathy and heart failure reported improved 6-minute walk distance and muscle ATP recovery.

Frequency reported: Daily, 4 to 8 week blocks

Redox coenzyme

The central coenzyme of cellular energy metabolism, studied for age-related decline, DNA repair and sirtuin activity.

How it works: Serves as the electron carrier for oxidative phosphorylation and the required substrate for sirtuins and PARP-mediated DNA repair.

What research reports: Precursor and direct-NAD+ studies report improved mitochondrial function and metabolic markers; optimal human dosing remains an active research question.

Frequency reported: Daily to 2× weekly. Note: Rapid administration is consistently associated with flushing and chest pressure in reports.

Copper tripeptide

A naturally-occurring copper-binding tripeptide studied extensively for skin remodeling, hair follicle activity and wound repair.

How it works: Delivers copper intracellularly and resets gene expression toward collagen, elastin and glycosaminoglycan synthesis while downregulating fibrotic signaling.

What research reports: Gene-expression work reports it shifts over 4,000 human genes toward a younger profile; topical trials show improved skin density and wrinkle depth.

Frequency reported: 2 to 5× weekly; often topical rather than injected in dermal research. Note: Subcutaneous administration is commonly reported to cause transient site irritation.

Aesthetic/repair blend

A three-peptide blend combining dermal remodeling with systemic repair signaling.

How it works: Pairs GHK-Cu collagen/elastin gene signaling with the angiogenic and cell-migration pathways of BPC-157 and TB-500.

What research reports: Evidence is drawn from the individual components; combination trials are not published.

Frequency reported: Daily, 4 to 8 week blocks

Aesthetic/repair/anti-inflammatory blend

Extends the GLOW profile with KPV, an alpha-MSH fragment studied for its anti-inflammatory action in gut and skin tissue.

How it works: KPV inhibits NF-kB signaling, adding an inflammation-resolution component to the repair and dermal remodeling pathways.

What research reports: KPV research shows reduced colonic inflammation in animal colitis models; other components as described individually.

Frequency reported: Daily, 4 to 8 week blocks

Alpha-MSH analog

A melanocortin-1 receptor agonist studied for photoprotection through increased eumelanin production.

How it works: Selectively activates MC1R on melanocytes, driving melanin synthesis independent of UV exposure.

What research reports: Approved in some regions for erythropoietic protoporphyria; trials reported significantly increased pain-free light exposure time.

Frequency reported: Daily loading then weekly maintenance. Note: Melanocytic lesion monitoring is emphasized throughout the literature.

Melanocortin receptor agonist

A centrally-acting melanocortin agonist studied for sexual arousal pathways rather than vascular mechanisms.

How it works: Activates MC3R/MC4R in the hypothalamus, modulating dopamine release in arousal-related pathways.

What research reports: Phase 3 trials reported statistically significant improvements in desire and reduced distress scores versus placebo.

Frequency reported: As needed; no more than once in 24 hours in trial protocols

Gonadotropin (LH analog)

Studied for maintaining testicular function and endogenous steroidogenesis during suppression of the HPG axis.

How it works: Mimics luteinizing hormone at Leydig cell receptors, sustaining intratesticular testosterone and spermatogenesis.

What research reports: Clinical studies report preserved intratesticular testosterone and testicular volume during exogenous androgen use.

Frequency reported: 2 to 3× weekly

Recombinant human growth hormone

The reference GH compound, studied for body composition, recovery, bone density and tissue repair.

How it works: Binds hepatic and peripheral GH receptors to raise IGF-1, driving lipolysis, protein synthesis and collagen turnover.

What research reports: Adult GH-deficiency trials report reduced fat mass, increased lean mass and improved bone mineral density over 6 to 12 months.

Frequency reported: Daily, often split AM/PM. Note: Glucose and IGF-1 monitoring is standard in all published protocols.

Diluent

Sterile water with 0.9% benzyl alcohol, used to reconstitute lyophilized peptides and permit multi-dose withdrawal.

How it works: The benzyl alcohol preservative inhibits bacterial growth, extending usable vial life after reconstitution.

What research reports: Stability work generally supports 28 days refrigerated after reconstitution for most peptides.

Frequency reported: As needed for reconstitution. Note: Use the Peptide Calculator to convert vial size and diluent volume into unit marks.

GLP-1 receptor agonist

The most widely studied single-receptor incretin analog, examined for appetite regulation, glycemic control and body weight.

How it works: Binds the GLP-1 receptor in the pancreas, gut and hypothalamus, slowing gastric emptying and enhancing glucose-dependent insulin release while reducing hunger signaling.

What research reports: Phase 3 literature reports mean weight reductions near 15% at 68 weeks and HbA1c reductions around 1.5 to 1.8%.

Frequency reported: Once weekly. Note: Trial protocols titrate in 4-week steps to limit gastrointestinal effects.

Combination incretin research blend (10 mL vial)

A combined vial pairing a triple receptor agonist with a dual incretin agonist in a single reconstituted solution.

How it works: Combines GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor activity from retatrutide with the GIP and GLP-1 profile of tirzepatide, so total incretin receptor occupancy per unit volume is higher than either compound alone.

What research reports: No trials study this exact blend. Evidence comes from the separate retatrutide and tirzepatide programs, which report weight reductions of roughly 24% and 21% respectively at their highest doses.

Frequency reported: Once weekly. Note: Blend vials carry two active concentrations, so calculate each component separately.

Daily GLP-1 receptor agonist

A shorter-acting GLP-1 analog studied before the weekly agonists, still used as a comparator in metabolic research.

How it works: Fatty-acid acylation extends half-life to roughly 13 hours, giving daily GLP-1 receptor activation with slowed gastric emptying and reduced appetite drive.

What research reports: Trial literature reports about 8% mean weight reduction at 56 weeks at the higher study dose.

Frequency reported: Once daily

GLP-1 receptor agonist Fc fusion protein

A GLP-1 analog fused to an antibody fragment, giving a long half-life and weekly dosing in published studies.

How it works: The Fc fusion slows renal clearance, sustaining GLP-1 receptor activation across a full week and producing steady glucose-dependent insulin release.

What research reports: Cardiovascular outcome literature reports HbA1c reductions around 1.1 to 1.5% with modest weight reduction relative to other incretins.

Frequency reported: Once weekly

GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist

An oxyntomodulin-based dual agonist studied for weight reduction with an added energy-expenditure component.

How it works: Pairs GLP-1 appetite suppression with glucagon receptor signaling, which increases resting energy expenditure and hepatic fat mobilization.

What research reports: Phase 2 and 3 data report weight reductions of roughly 10 to 15% over 24 to 48 weeks alongside reductions in liver fat.

Frequency reported: Once weekly

GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist

A dual agonist studied for obesity and for metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis endpoints.

How it works: Balanced GLP-1 and glucagon receptor activation reduces caloric intake while raising energy expenditure and driving hepatic lipid clearance.

What research reports: Phase 2 literature reports about 19% weight reduction at 46 weeks and significant improvement in liver histology endpoints.

Frequency reported: Once weekly

Long-acting amylin analog

An amylin receptor agonist studied alone and alongside GLP-1 analogs for satiety and body weight.

How it works: Activates amylin and calcitonin receptors in the area postrema, slowing gastric emptying and reinforcing meal-ending satiety signals through a pathway separate from GLP-1.

What research reports: Monotherapy studies report about 10% weight reduction at 26 weeks, with larger reductions when combined with semaglutide in combination trials.

Frequency reported: Once weekly

Proapoptotic peptidomimetic

An experimental compound studied for targeted reduction of white adipose tissue through vascular pruning.

How it works: Homes to prohibitin on the blood vessels that supply white fat and triggers apoptosis in those endothelial cells, cutting the blood supply to the fat depot.

What research reports: Primate studies reported roughly 11% body weight reduction over 4 weeks, with renal effects that halted further development.

Frequency reported: Daily in reported animal protocols. Note: Animal data only. Renal findings are the dominant safety signal in the literature.

AMPK activator (nucleoside analog)

A nucleoside analog studied as a direct exercise-mimetic through AMP-activated protein kinase signaling.

How it works: Converts intracellularly to ZMP, which mimics AMP and activates AMPK, shifting cells toward fatty-acid oxidation, glucose uptake and mitochondrial biogenesis.

What research reports: Rodent studies reported increased running endurance without training; human work has focused on ischemia protection rather than performance.

Frequency reported: Daily during study blocks

Pan-ERR agonist (small molecule)

An estrogen-related receptor agonist studied as an exercise mimetic for oxidative metabolism.

How it works: Activates ERR alpha, beta and gamma, upregulating the mitochondrial and oxidative gene program normally induced by endurance training.

What research reports: Mouse studies report increased running capacity, higher energy expenditure and reduced fat mass without change in food intake.

Frequency reported: Daily in reported animal protocols. Note: Preclinical only. No human trial data is published.

Quaternary ammonium metabolite

A carrier molecule required to move long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria for oxidation.

How it works: Forms acylcarnitines that shuttle fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and buffers the acyl-CoA to CoA ratio during high metabolic flux.

What research reports: Trials report improved exercise recovery markers and modest fat oxidation effects; effect size depends heavily on baseline carnitine status.

Frequency reported: Daily

Lipolytic solution blend

A compounded lipolytic solution blend marketed for localized adipose research applications.

How it works: Combines riboflavin, bromelain and lecithin-type components, described as disrupting adipocyte membranes and supporting local clearance of released lipid.

What research reports: Peer-reviewed evidence is limited to small observational reports; there are no large controlled trials for this blend.

Frequency reported: Interval-based in reported protocols. Note: Evidence base is thin compared with single-molecule compounds.

Alpha-MSH C-terminal tripeptide

The active anti-inflammatory fragment of alpha-MSH, studied for gut and skin inflammation models.

How it works: Enters cells and interferes with NF-kB and inflammatory cytokine transcription without the pigmentation effects of full-length alpha-MSH.

What research reports: Colitis models report reduced mucosal inflammation and improved barrier integrity; dermatology models report reduced inflammatory lesion scores.

Frequency reported: Daily

Innate repair receptor agonist (EPO-derived 11-mer)

A non-erythropoietic erythropoietin fragment studied for small-fiber neuropathy and tissue repair.

How it works: Binds the innate repair receptor, the EPO receptor plus beta common receptor complex, activating anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory signaling without stimulating red cell production.

What research reports: Sarcoidosis neuropathy trials report improved corneal nerve fiber measures and reduced neuropathic pain scores over 28 days.

Frequency reported: Daily during study blocks

Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide

The only human cathelicidin, studied for antimicrobial defense, biofilm disruption and wound repair.

How it works: Its amphipathic helix inserts into bacterial membranes and disrupts them, while also acting as a chemoattractant for neutrophils, monocytes and T cells.

What research reports: Wound-healing studies report faster re-epithelialization; in vitro work shows broad activity against bacteria and biofilms.

Frequency reported: Daily in short blocks. Note: At higher concentrations the literature also reports pro-inflammatory effects.

p53-derived membrane-disrupting peptide

A p53 fragment fused to a penetratin sequence, studied in cancer cell models for selective membrane lysis.

How it works: Binds HDM-2 expressed on the membrane of transformed cells and forms pores, causing necrosis in those cells while sparing cells that lack membrane HDM-2.

What research reports: In vitro and xenograft studies report tumor cell death with limited effect on normal cell lines. No human trials are published.

Frequency reported: Not established. Note: Preclinical research compound with no human dosing literature.

28-amino-acid neuropeptide

A signaling peptide studied for pulmonary, immune-modulating and inflammatory-response endpoints.

How it works: Activates VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors, raising cyclic AMP, relaxing smooth muscle and shifting immune cells toward a regulatory, anti-inflammatory phenotype.

What research reports: Studies in pulmonary hypertension and inflammatory conditions report reduced inflammatory markers; the native peptide has a very short plasma half-life.

Frequency reported: Divided daily doses in reported protocols

Thymic 28-amino-acid immunomodulator

A thymus-derived peptide studied for T cell maturation and immune response in infection and vaccine research.

How it works: Signals through toll-like receptors on dendritic cells, promoting T helper 1 differentiation and improved antigen presentation.

What research reports: Sepsis and hepatitis trials report improved immune markers and, in some sepsis cohorts, reduced mortality signals.

Frequency reported: Two to seven times weekly depending on protocol

Thymic peptide extract complex

A thymic peptide preparation studied in Eastern European gerontology literature for immune restoration in older cohorts.

How it works: Described as restoring thymic-dependent T lymphocyte differentiation and normalizing helper to suppressor cell ratios.

What research reports: Long-term Russian cohort studies report improved immune indices and reduced mortality; independent replication is limited.

Frequency reported: Daily in short repeated courses

Iron-binding egg white glycoprotein

An egg-derived protein studied for antimicrobial, antioxidant and iron-transport activity.

How it works: Sequesters free iron, depriving bacteria of a required nutrient, and its peptide fragments show direct membrane-level antimicrobial activity.

What research reports: In vitro and animal work reports antimicrobial, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects; human trial data is limited.

Frequency reported: Not established

Long-acting GHRH analog

A GHRH analog with a drug affinity complex that extends half-life to roughly one week.

How it works: The DAC moiety binds serum albumin, protecting the peptide from enzymatic clearance and producing a sustained elevation in GH and IGF-1 rather than discrete pulses.

What research reports: Human studies report GH increases of 2 to 10 fold and IGF-1 increases of 1.5 to 3 fold sustained for 6 or more days after a single dose.

Frequency reported: Once or twice weekly. Note: The sustained profile differs from the pulsatile pattern of the no-DAC version.

Short-acting GHRH analog

A GHRH analog with a half-life around 30 minutes, studied for amplifying natural GH pulses.

How it works: Binds pituitary GHRH receptors to increase the amplitude of an existing GH pulse, preserving the natural pulsatile rhythm rather than flattening it.

What research reports: Pairing with a ghrelin-receptor agonist produces markedly larger GH pulses than either compound alone in published work.

Frequency reported: Up to three times daily in reported protocols

Ghrelin receptor agonist (GHS-R1a)

A growth hormone releasing peptide studied for strong GH pulse generation with moderate appetite effect.

How it works: Activates the GHS-R1a receptor in the pituitary and hypothalamus, releasing GH while suppressing somatostatin tone.

What research reports: Studies report GH increases several fold above baseline, with smaller cortisol and prolactin elevation than GHRP-6 at comparable doses.

Frequency reported: One to three times daily

Ghrelin receptor agonist (GHS-R1a)

An earlier growth hormone releasing peptide notable for pronounced appetite stimulation in study data.

How it works: Activates GHS-R1a to trigger GH release and strongly mimics ghrelin signaling in hypothalamic hunger circuits.

What research reports: Studies report robust GH release along with the largest appetite response of the GHRP family, plus modest cortisol and prolactin increases.

Frequency reported: One to three times daily

Ghrelin receptor agonist (hexapeptide)

The most potent GH releasing peptide by weight in comparative studies, with reported cardiac tissue effects.

How it works: Activates GHS-R1a for strong GH release and also binds CD36 in cardiac tissue, which studies link to cardioprotective signaling independent of GH.

What research reports: Head-to-head work reports the largest GH spike of the GHRP class, with faster receptor desensitization during continuous use.

Frequency reported: One to two times daily in limited blocks. Note: Desensitization is reported faster than with other GHRPs.

Orally active ghrelin receptor agonist

A non-peptide secretagogue studied for sustained 24-hour elevation of GH and IGF-1 with oral bioavailability.

How it works: Binds GHS-R1a with a long half-life, raising both GH pulse amplitude and baseline, and increasing IGF-1 for the full dosing interval.

What research reports: Trials report IGF-1 increases of 40 to 90%, increased fat-free mass, and dose-related increases in appetite, fluid retention and fasting glucose.

Frequency reported: Once daily, usually evening. Note: Glucose and insulin sensitivity changes are documented at higher exposures.

C-terminal growth hormone fragment

The lipolytic tail of the growth hormone molecule, studied for fat metabolism without the growth signaling of full GH.

How it works: Reproduces the lipolytic action of GH on adipocytes through beta-3 adrenergic pathway signaling, without binding the GH receptor or raising IGF-1.

What research reports: Animal work reports reduced adipose mass; the human clinical program for obesity did not reach its efficacy endpoints.

Frequency reported: Once or twice daily, typically fasted

Splice variant of IGF-1

A mechanically induced IGF-1 splice variant studied for satellite cell activation after muscle damage.

How it works: Its unique E domain activates muscle satellite cells and delays their differentiation, expanding the pool of myonuclei available for repair.

What research reports: Animal studies report increased muscle fiber cross-sectional area after local administration; the native peptide clears within minutes.

Frequency reported: Post-training on working days

Pegylated mechano growth factor

A polyethylene glycol conjugated MGF variant designed to extend a half-life measured in minutes into days.

How it works: PEGylation shields the peptide from protease degradation and renal clearance, so satellite cell signaling persists systemically rather than staying local.

What research reports: Comparative animal work reports longer exposure and greater systemic effect than unmodified MGF.

Frequency reported: Two to three times weekly

Truncated IGF-1 analog

A truncated IGF-1 variant studied for high local potency and a very short systemic half-life.

How it works: Missing the first three amino acids, it binds IGF binding proteins weakly, leaving far more free peptide to act on local IGF-1 receptors before rapid clearance.

What research reports: In vitro work reports roughly 10 fold greater potency than native IGF-1 in binding-protein rich environments, with a half-life of about 20 to 30 minutes.

Frequency reported: Peri-workout in reported protocols

Activin and myostatin binding glycoprotein

A natural myostatin antagonist studied for muscle mass regulation in gene-transfer and protein models.

How it works: Binds and neutralizes myostatin and activin A, removing the brake those ligands place on muscle satellite cell proliferation and protein accretion.

What research reports: Gene-transfer studies in primates and mice report substantial increases in muscle mass; protein-administration human data is not published.

Frequency reported: Daily in 10 to 30 day blocks in reported protocols. Note: Human evidence is very limited compared with animal gene-transfer work.

TGF-beta family growth factor

Myostatin itself, the negative regulator of muscle mass and the reference ligand for follistatin research.

How it works: Binds ActRIIB receptors and activates SMAD2/3 signaling, which suppresses satellite cell activation and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle.

What research reports: Loss-of-function mutations in cattle, dogs and humans produce marked muscle hypertrophy, which is why the pathway is a persistent research target.

Frequency reported: Reference standard, not an administered compound. Note: Used as a laboratory reference ligand rather than a research protocol input.

Gonadotropin releasing hormone decapeptide

Native GnRH, studied for pulsatile stimulation of LH and FSH release from the pituitary.

How it works: Binds pituitary GnRH receptors and, when delivered in pulses, triggers LH and FSH secretion; continuous exposure instead downregulates the receptor.

What research reports: Pulsatile administration studies restore gonadotropin output and testicular function in hypogonadotropic cohorts.

Frequency reported: Pulsatile, every 1 to 3 days. Note: The pulsatile pattern matters, since continuous exposure suppresses the axis.

Long-acting GnRH agonist

A GnRH superagonist studied for an initial gonadotropin flare followed by sustained axis suppression.

How it works: Binds GnRH receptors with much higher affinity than native GnRH, producing an initial LH and FSH surge and then receptor downregulation with continued exposure.

What research reports: Clinical literature documents the flare-then-suppress pattern, used in fertility and hormone-sensitive disease research.

Frequency reported: Single administration or depot interval

Purified FSH and LH gonadotropin preparation

A gonadotropin preparation containing both FSH and LH activity, studied in fertility protocols.

How it works: Directly supplies FSH and LH activity to the gonads, driving follicular development or Sertoli and Leydig cell stimulation without relying on pituitary output.

What research reports: Fertility literature reports restoration of spermatogenesis when combined with hCG in hypogonadotropic cohorts.

Frequency reported: Two to three times weekly

KISS1R agonist decapeptide

The upstream trigger of GnRH release, studied for reproductive axis signaling and arousal pathways.

How it works: Activates KISS1R on hypothalamic GnRH neurons, which is the physiological switch that initiates a GnRH pulse and downstream LH release.

What research reports: Human studies report reliable LH increases after administration, plus effects on limbic activity in imaging studies of sexual and emotional processing.

Frequency reported: Intermittent, in study blocks

Nonapeptide neurohormone

A hypothalamic nonapeptide studied for social bonding, trust and stress-response endpoints.

How it works: Activates oxytocin receptors in the amygdala, nucleus accumbens and hypothalamus, modulating social salience processing and dampening HPA axis reactivity.

What research reports: Intranasal trials report changes in trust and social cognition measures, with effect sizes that vary widely across replications.

Frequency reported: Per study session

Non-selective melanocortin receptor agonist

A cyclic alpha-MSH analog studied for melanogenesis and, through MC4R activity, libido and appetite effects.

How it works: Activates MC1R for melanin synthesis and also MC3R and MC4R, which accounts for the appetite suppression and sexual arousal effects reported alongside pigmentation.

What research reports: Studies report dose-dependent tanning with lower UV exposure, plus MC4R-mediated erectile response, nausea and flushing.

Frequency reported: Daily loading then weekly maintenance in reported protocols. Note: Non-selective receptor activity is why side effects are broader than with Melanotan I.

Cobalamin micronutrient

A cofactor vitamin supplied as solution or lyophilized powder, used in energy metabolism research contexts.

How it works: Serves as a cofactor for methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, both required for one-carbon metabolism and mitochondrial substrate handling.

What research reports: Correction of deficiency reliably improves hematologic and neurologic markers; benefits in replete subjects are not well supported.

Frequency reported: Weekly in most protocols

Full-length adrenocorticotropic hormone

The full pituitary corticotropin sequence, used mainly as a diagnostic and reference standard for adrenal function.

How it works: Binds MC2R on the adrenal cortex, driving cortisol and adrenal androgen synthesis through cyclic AMP signaling.

What research reports: Stimulation testing literature uses it to distinguish primary from secondary adrenal insufficiency by measuring the cortisol response.

Frequency reported: Single administration in test protocols. Note: Primarily a diagnostic reference compound, not a protocol input.

Erythropoiesis stimulating glycoprotein hormone

The hormone that drives red blood cell production, studied in anemia and oxygen-transport research.

How it works: Binds EPO receptors on erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow, blocking apoptosis and driving their maturation into circulating red cells.

What research reports: Renal anemia trials report reliable hemoglobin increases; the literature also documents thrombotic risk when hematocrit is driven too high.

Frequency reported: One to three times weekly in clinical literature. Note: Hematocrit monitoring is central to every published protocol.

Endogenous tripeptide antioxidant

The primary intracellular antioxidant, studied for oxidative stress, detoxification pathways and skin tone.

How it works: Its cysteine thiol neutralizes reactive oxygen species and conjugates xenobiotics through glutathione S-transferase, while also inhibiting tyrosinase in melanocytes.

What research reports: Trials report increased body stores with sustained administration and reduced melanin index in dermatology studies.

Frequency reported: One to three times weekly

Single-chain relaxin analog

A relaxin-derived peptide studied for anti-fibrotic signaling in cardiac, renal and pulmonary tissue models.

How it works: Acts as a biased agonist at RXFP1, favoring the ERK1/2 anti-fibrotic pathway over the cyclic AMP pathway, which reduces collagen deposition without the full vasodilatory profile of relaxin.

What research reports: Animal models report reduced fibrosis in heart, kidney and lung tissue; no human trials are published.

Frequency reported: Daily in reported animal protocols

Opioid heptapeptide (amphibian derived)

A naturally occurring D-amino acid peptide with extremely high mu opioid receptor affinity in study models.

How it works: Its D-alanine residue resists peptidase breakdown and gives selective, very high affinity binding at the mu opioid receptor.

What research reports: Animal studies report analgesic potency far above morphine on a weight basis. It is a controlled research substance in most jurisdictions.

Frequency reported: Not established. Note: Controlled opioid research compound. Listed for reference completeness only.

Clostridial neurotoxin protein

A neurotoxin protein studied for temporary chemical denervation at the neuromuscular junction.

How it works: Cleaves SNAP-25 in the SNARE complex, blocking acetylcholine vesicle fusion and release, so the target muscle cannot contract until new nerve terminals sprout.

What research reports: Clinical literature documents onset within 3 to 7 days and duration of roughly 3 to 4 months across cosmetic and therapeutic indications.

Frequency reported: Interval of roughly 3 to 4 months in clinical protocols. Note: Clinical-use biologic. Included for catalog completeness, not for self administration.

ACTH 4-10 heptapeptide analog

A Russian-developed nootropic peptide studied for attention, memory consolidation and stroke recovery.

How it works: Raises BDNF and NGF expression in the hippocampus and modulates dopaminergic and serotonergic tone, without the corticotropic activity of full ACTH.

What research reports: Russian stroke and cognitive studies report improved recovery scores and attention measures; Western replication is limited.

Frequency reported: Daily in 10 to 14 day courses

Tuftsin analog heptapeptide

An anxiolytic peptide studied for stress response without the sedation or dependence profile of benzodiazepines.

How it works: Modulates GABA-A receptor expression and enkephalin degradation while raising BDNF, producing anxiolysis through a different route than direct GABA agonism.

What research reports: Clinical work in generalized anxiety reports symptom reduction comparable to medazepam in Russian trials, with fewer sedative effects.

Frequency reported: Daily in 10 to 14 day courses

Combined nootropic and anxiolytic peptide blend

A combined vial pairing the cognitive profile of Semax with the anxiolytic profile of Selank.

How it works: Combines BDNF and monoamine modulation from Semax with the GABA-A and enkephalin effects of Selank, so both attention and stress-response pathways are engaged from one solution.

What research reports: No trials study the fixed blend. Evidence comes from the separate Semax and Selank literature.

Frequency reported: Daily in 10 to 14 day courses

Angiotensin IV derived hepatocyte growth factor potentiator

A small molecule studied for synaptogenesis through the HGF and c-Met signaling pathway.

How it works: Potentiates hepatocyte growth factor binding at the c-Met receptor, which drives dendritic spine formation and new synapse assembly in hippocampal models.

What research reports: Rodent studies report reversal of cognitive deficits in scopolamine and lesion models at very low doses, with reported potency far above BDNF in vitro. No human trials exist.

Frequency reported: Not established. Note: Preclinical only. Its synaptogenic potency is also the basis of caution in the literature.

Nonapeptide sleep modulator

A nonapeptide studied for slow wave sleep architecture, stress hormone modulation and pain thresholds.

How it works: Proposed to act on delta wave generating circuits and to modulate corticotropin and somatotropin release, though its exact receptor has not been definitively identified.

What research reports: Sleep laboratory studies report increased delta sleep and reduced sleep latency in some cohorts, with inconsistent results across replications.

Frequency reported: Evening, in short blocks

Hypothalamic wakefulness neuropeptide

A wake-promoting neuropeptide studied for narcolepsy, alertness and appetite regulation.

How it works: Binds OX1R and OX2R receptors to stabilize wakefulness circuits; loss of orexin neurons is the established cause of narcolepsy type 1.

What research reports: Primate studies report reversal of sleep-deprivation cognitive deficits after intranasal administration; human data is early.

Frequency reported: Morning administration in study protocols

Hypothalamic neuropeptide

The second orexin peptide, selective for OX2R and studied for arousal and feeding circuits.

How it works: Binds OX2R with much higher affinity than OX1R, and OX2R signaling is the arm most closely tied to sleep-wake stabilization in animal models.

What research reports: Animal work supports its role in arousal and feeding; it has a shorter half-life than Orexin A and less human study.

Frequency reported: Not established

Modified nootropic peptide (Semax family)

An adamantane-modified analog in the Semax family, studied for extended nootropic and neurotrophic effect.

How it works: The adamantane group increases lipophilicity and metabolic stability, which is described as extending central exposure and BDNF-related signaling relative to Semax.

What research reports: Published evidence is limited to early Russian-language work and analog inference from the Semax literature.

Frequency reported: Daily in short courses. Note: Thin evidence base compared with Semax or Selank.

Topical SNARE-competing octapeptide

A topical peptide studied as a mild, non-injected analog of neuromuscular relaxation for expression lines.

How it works: Mimics the N-terminal end of SNAP-25 and competes for a position in the SNARE complex, reducing the efficiency of acetylcholine vesicle docking at the surface level.

What research reports: Manufacturer and small dermatology studies report reductions in wrinkle depth around 30% over 28 days with twice daily topical use.

Frequency reported: Twice daily topical

Pineal tetrapeptide bioregulator

A pineal-derived tetrapeptide studied for telomerase activation and circadian and melatonin rhythm restoration.

How it works: Reported to bind promoter regions that upregulate telomerase reverse transcriptase, and to restore age-related decline in pineal melatonin output.

What research reports: Cell studies report telomere elongation in somatic cell lines; long-term Russian cohort work reports reduced age-related mortality markers.

Frequency reported: Daily in 10 to 20 day courses, one to two times per year

Tripeptide bioregulator (EDR)

A short peptide bioregulator studied for neuronal protection under hypoxic and oxidative stress.

How it works: Described as a gene-regulatory peptide that penetrates the nucleus and modulates expression of neuronal survival and antioxidant genes.

What research reports: Animal work reports reduced neuronal apoptosis under hypoxia and improved cognitive performance in aged models.

Frequency reported: Daily in short courses

Tetrapeptide bioregulator (AEDP)

A cortex-derived peptide bioregulator studied for neural tissue repair and peripheral nerve function.

How it works: Reported to regulate expression of genes tied to neuronal and glial repair, normalizing cortical bioelectrical activity in animal models.

What research reports: Russian studies report improved nerve conduction and cognitive markers after short course administration.

Frequency reported: Daily in short courses

Tetrapeptide bioregulator (EDPG)

An immune-oriented peptide bioregulator studied for normalizing lymphocyte populations in aged models.

How it works: Described as regulating gene expression in immune tissue, restoring balance across T and B lymphocyte subsets rather than broadly stimulating them.

What research reports: Russian studies report normalized immune indices in aged and immunosuppressed cohorts; independent data is scarce.

Frequency reported: Daily in short courses

Senolytic peptide (D-retro-inverso FOXO4 fragment)

A designed senolytic peptide studied for selective clearance of senescent cells.

How it works: Disrupts the FOXO4 and p53 interaction that keeps senescent cells alive, releasing p53 to the mitochondria and triggering apoptosis in those cells specifically.

What research reports: Aged mouse studies report restored fitness, fur density and renal function after intermittent administration. No human trials are published.

Frequency reported: Intermittent pulses in reported animal protocols. Note: Preclinical senolytic. Human safety data does not exist.

CNTF-derived neurogenic peptidomimetic

A ciliary neurotrophic factor fragment studied for neurogenesis and reduction of tau pathology in models.

How it works: Mimics the active region of CNTF, stimulating hippocampal neurogenesis and BDNF signaling while inhibiting the leukemia inhibitory factor pathway linked to tau hyperphosphorylation.

What research reports: Alzheimer model mice show improved memory performance, increased dendritic spine density and reduced tau pathology.

Frequency reported: Daily in reported animal protocols

Copper-binding tripeptide (alanine-histidine-lysine)

A copper peptide studied primarily for hair follicle stimulation and dermal vascularization.

How it works: Delivers copper into tissue and upregulates VEGF, increasing follicular blood supply and extending the anagen growth phase in follicle models.

What research reports: Follicle culture studies report increased dermal papilla cell proliferation and prolonged anagen phase compared with untreated controls.

Frequency reported: Daily topical in most protocols

Dilute acidic reconstitution solvent

A dilute acetic acid solution used to dissolve peptides that will not go into solution in neutral water.

How it works: Lowering pH increases solubility for hydrophobic or aggregation-prone sequences by keeping basic residues protonated and preventing peptide-to-peptide association.

What research reports: Peptide chemistry references list dilute acetic acid, typically 0.1 to 1%, as the standard first-line solvent for poorly soluble sequences.

Frequency reported: As needed for reconstitution. Note: Used only for sequences that will not dissolve in bacteriostatic water.