MOTS-c
Mitochondrial-derived peptide
A 16-amino-acid mitochondrial peptide studied as an exercise-mimetic and metabolic regulator.
How it works
MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded by the mitochondrial genome rather than nuclear DNA, making it one of a small class of mitochondrial-derived peptides under active study. It is often described as an exercise mimetic because its downstream signaling overlaps with pathways activated during physical exertion.
Its primary proposed mechanism is activation of AMPK, a cellular energy sensor, along with modulation of the folate and methionine metabolic cycle. Together these shifts are reported to improve glucose utilization and overall mitochondrial efficiency in skeletal muscle tissue.
Animal models studying MOTS-c report prevention of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance, while human observational research has linked naturally higher circulating MOTS-c levels to longevity cohorts, though this association does not establish a direct causal treatment effect.
What research has shown
Animal models show prevention of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance; human association studies link higher MOTS-c levels to longevity cohorts.
Reported ranges in the literature
Low end
5 mg weekly
Optimal
10 mg 2 to 3× weekly
High end
10 mg daily for 10-day loading blocks
Frequency reported in the literature: 2 to 3× weekly, or short daily loading phases
Frequently asked questions
What is MOTS-c?
MOTS-c is a mitochondrial-derived peptide studied as an exercise mimetic and metabolic regulator, with particular interest in AMPK pathway activation.
How does MOTS-c differ from SS-31?
MOTS-c is studied for metabolic signaling through AMPK activation, while SS-31 targets the structural stability of the mitochondrial membrane itself. Both are mitochondrial-focused but act through different mechanisms.
What does the research show?
Animal models report prevention of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Human observational studies associate higher endogenous MOTS-c levels with longevity cohorts.
How is MOTS-c typically studied?
Published research designs describe either 2 to 3 times weekly dosing or short daily loading blocks of around 10 days.
How long are research blocks typically?
Protocols in the literature vary from short 10-day loading phases to ongoing multi-week maintenance schedules.
Related compounds
Further reading
Research use only
All content on this page is general reference information for laboratory research contexts. It is not medical advice, is not intended to direct human use, and does not replace guidance from a licensed healthcare professional. Not for human consumption. Must be 18+.