SS-31
Also known as Elamipretide
Cardiolipin-targeting mitochondrial peptide
A mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide studied for restoring energy production in aged or damaged tissue.
How it works
SS-31, also studied under the name elamipretide, is a small tetrapeptide designed to concentrate specifically in the inner mitochondrial membrane by binding cardiolipin, a phospholipid unique to that structure. This targeting mechanism sets it apart from most peptides, which act at cell surface receptors rather than intracellular organelle membranes.
By stabilizing cardiolipin, SS-31 is proposed to preserve the folded architecture of the mitochondrial cristae, the internal membrane folds where the electron transport chain resides. Maintaining this structure is linked to improved efficiency of ATP production and reduced leakage of reactive oxygen species during energy metabolism.
Clinical trials in conditions involving primary mitochondrial dysfunction, including mitochondrial myopathy and heart failure, have reported improvements in 6-minute walk distance and muscle ATP recovery kinetics, giving SS-31 one of the more developed human trial records among mitochondrial-targeted peptides.
What research has shown
Clinical trials in primary mitochondrial myopathy and heart failure reported improved 6-minute walk distance and muscle ATP recovery.
Reported ranges in the literature
Low end
5 mg daily
Optimal
10 mg daily
High end
40 mg daily (upper trial dose)
Frequency reported in the literature: Daily, 4 to 8 week blocks
Frequently asked questions
What is SS-31?
SS-31, also called elamipretide, is a cardiolipin-targeting peptide studied for restoring mitochondrial membrane structure and energy production efficiency.
How does SS-31 differ from NAD+?
NAD+ is a coenzyme required broadly for electron transport and sirtuin activity, while SS-31 works structurally by stabilizing the cardiolipin-rich inner mitochondrial membrane. They are often studied as complementary mitochondrial support mechanisms.
What does the research show?
Clinical trials in mitochondrial myopathy and heart failure populations reported improved 6-minute walk distance and faster muscle ATP recovery after exertion.
How is SS-31 stored?
As with most lyophilized peptides, vials should be kept refrigerated or frozen before reconstitution, then refrigerated with a defined use window afterward.
How long are research blocks typically?
Published protocols generally describe daily dosing over 4 to 8 week blocks to assess functional and biochemical endpoints.
Related compounds
Further reading
Research use only
All content on this page is general reference information for laboratory research contexts. It is not medical advice, is not intended to direct human use, and does not replace guidance from a licensed healthcare professional. Not for human consumption. Must be 18+.